Auditors Independence Case Study - 14460 Words

Academy of Management Review 2006, Vol. 31, No. 1, 10–29. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST AND THE CASE OF AUDITOR INDEPENDENCE: MORAL SEDUCTION AND STRATEGIC ISSUE CYCLING DON A. MOORE Carnegie Mellon University PHILIP E. TETLOCK University of California, Berkeley LLOYD TANLU MAX H. BAZERMAN Harvard University A series of financial scandals revealed a key weakness in the American business model: the failure of the U.S. auditing system to deliver true independence. We offer a two-tiered analysis of what went wrong. At the more micro tier, we advance moral seduction theory, explaining why professionals are often unaware of how morally compromised they have become by conflicts of interest. At the more macro tier, we offer issue-cycle theory,†¦show more content†¦Special interest groups preselect and even fund â€Å"independent† research to be made public at political gatherings and public conferences. Lobbyists seeking favorable legislation bend politicians’ ears, and corporations fill their campaign coffers.1 One could take the optimistic position that these conflicts of interest in the American corporate, medical, and political realm are for the most part innocuous, or that they often work to the clients’ benefit. After all, those most likely to have vested int erests are also those most likely to possess the most relevant expertise in a given field (Stark, 2005). For example, many both inside and outside the accounting industry have argued that an auditing firm is better equipped to handle a client’s complex accounting tasks when the auditor also has deep consulting ties to that client. Similarly, a stock analyst might argue, â€Å"I would not recommend buying a stock that I myself did not own,† and proponents of stock options might assert that giving managers stock options in their company ensures that these employees are financially tied to the fate of their firms. In addition, some experts believe that conflicts of interest are innocuous because, Of course, conflicts of interest are not unique to the United States. The successShow MoreRelatedA Critical View of the Audit Expectation Gap and Audit Rotation1828 Words   |  7 Pages(Porter, 1993). This lack of understanding is called expectation gap where the outcomes of the audit expected and its actual purpose varies. One solution to this fundamental issue is to reduce this expectation gap by providing a clear definition of auditors role and also the audit function that is required to be performed by him. However, during this defining phase, it is necessary to consider whether an audit rotation would reduce this audit expectation gap. This term, Audit Expectation Gap wasRead MoreAudit Committee Annual Evaluation of the External Auditor3135 Words   |  13 PagesAUDITOR’S INDEPENDENCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN NIGERIA PUBLIC ENTERPRISE This study seeks to identify the determinants of auditors’ independence in public enterprises and determine the policy implications of lack of auditors’ independence in the public sector. The data for the research was primary and collected via questionnaire from the Nigerian Ports Authority Headquarters Lagos. The questionnaire responses were analyzed using the percentage method. The hypothesis was tested usingRead MoreENRON Case Study1572 Words   |  7 Pagesthat crisis. Briefly justify each of your choices. Following parties are believed to be the most responsible for the crisis. With any big organization going so bad, the blame starts with the top level executives, there was no different in this case. For Enron the blame started with Enron’s executives, Kenneth Lay, Jeffrey Skilling, and Andrew Fastow. Their goal was to make Enron into the world’s greatest company. To make this goal a reality, they created a company culture that encouraged â€Å"ruleRead MoreWhy Is It Important for External Auditors to Be Independent? Relate Your Answer to the Primary Role of External Auditors. Give Examples of Specific Ways the Lack of Auditor Independence May Impact Adversely on an Audit.1648 Words   |  7 Pageslack of auditor independence may impact adversely on an audit. In 2001, there was an event that had shaken the whole business world. The crash of Enron in US, followed by worldwide collapse of its auditor, Arthur Andersen. It was a greatest corporate failure uncovered in business history. Follow the Enron-Andersen scandal, massive organizations like WorldCom, Xerox and Waste Management confront a similar fate. The debate rested on the issue of audit independence , that is found toRead MoreWhy Is It Important for External Auditors to Be Independent? Relate Your Answer to the Primary Role of External Auditors. Give Examples of Specific Ways the Lack of Auditor Independence May Impact Adversely on an Audit.1638 Words   |  7 Pagesauditor independence may impact adversely on an audit. In 2001, there was an event that had shaken the whole business world. The crash of Enron in US, followed by worldwide collapse of its auditor, Arthur Andersen. It was a greatest corporate failure uncovered in business history. Follow the Enron-Andersen scandal, massive organizations like WorldCom, Xerox and Waste Management confront a similar fate. The debate rested on the issue of audit independence , that isRead MoreEssay on ZZZZ Best Company, Inc.: Case Study1340 Words   |  6 Pages------------------------------------------------- Case Study 2 ------------------------------------------------- Due Date: March 30,2010 ZZZ Best, Case 1. Ernst amp; Whinney never issued an audit opinion on financial statements of ZZZZ Best but did issue a review report on the company’s quarterly statements for the three months ended July 31, 1986. How does a review differ from an audit, particularly in terms of the level of assurance implied by the auditor’s report? There are numerous differencesRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act # 11 Titles971 Words   |  4 PagesSarbanes-Oxley Act contains 11 titles, they provide specific guidelines and regulations for financial reporting. The titles are: Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), Auditor Independence, Corporate Responsibility, Enhanced Financial Disclosures, Analyst Conflict of Interest, Commission Resources and Authority, Studies and Reports, Corporate and Criminal Fraud Accountability, White Collar Crime Penalty Enhancement, Corporate Tax Returns and Corporate Fraud Accountability. In the introduction ofRead MoreAuditor Independence Is Defined By Mautz And Sharaf1905 Words   |  8 PagesAuditor independence is defined by Mautz and Sharaf (1961) as the formation of judgement, concluded through the state of an unbiased mind. Through demonstrated objectivity and truthfulness can auditors give a true and fair view about management’s financial statements. Due to the nature of the aud iting profession whereby services provided extend beyond concluding a true and fair view, coupled with the lack of a vital source of power results in auditors being unable to be truly autonomous. The purposeRead MoreAuditors Independence12377 Words   |  50 PagesOn Auditor’s Independence: A Study on ACNABIN, Chartered Accountants Auditor’s Independence A Study on ACNABIN-Chartered Accountants Firm Table of Content CHAPTERS PARTICULARS PAGES Chapter -1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Background 1.3 Scope of the Study 1.4 Objectives of the Study 1.5 Methodology of the Study 1.6 Limitation of the Study Chapter-2 Literature Review 2.1 DEFINITION OF AUDIT 2.2 Understanding Independence 2.3Read MoreWeek 8 Auditing II Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Chapter 7 Case – 7-54 Going Concern  Please respond to the following: From the e-Activity, analyze the auditor’s responsibility to determine if a company can continue as a going concern. From your analysis, propose at least two (2) key factors that the auditor should consider when determining an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. Provide a rationale to support your proposal. SAS 59, The Auditor’s Consideration of an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (AICPA, Professional

The Effects Of Stress On Being A Schoolteacher - 1422 Words

Introduction In this essay, I will be looking at the research on the stress involved in being a schoolteacher. Teaching in schools is now widely recognised as being one of the ‘high stress’ occupations, and we need to understand the causes of stress for teachers and how it can be reduced (Dollard et al., 2003; Kyriacou, 2000). The term ‘stress’ in the context of the occupational setting of teaching has been conceptualised in three main ways by researchers (Cole and Walker, 1989; Dunham and Varma, 1998). Some have used the term to describe the level of pressure and demands placed on the teacher. Some have used the term to refer to the teacher’s emotional and behavioural responses to such demands. Most writers define stress as†¦show more content†¦Burnout is often displayed as a lack of interest and enthusiasm for the work, a sense of being detached and withdrawn at work, and by displaying a cynical attitude towards new initiatives and towards colleagues. Measuring teacher stress Early research on teacher stress was bedevilled with problems of measurement. Not surprisingly, research on teacher stress has been dominated by the use of questionnaires. However, self-report measures of teacher stress have many short-comings. Firstly, one teacher’s use of the term stress may differ from another’s – one teacher might say they experienced stress whenever they felt annoyed, whilst another would reserve this term only for when they felt they were on the verge of exploding with anger. Secondly, self-report is subject to context – some teachers might it easier to report stress in one context (e.g. getting all the marking done in time) than in another (e.g. dealing with class control problems). The third problem, is how to take account of the distinction between the frequency of an event occurring and the intensity of the stress such an event invokes: is it sensible to say that a frequently occurring but low intensity source of stress (e.g. pu pils arriving late for a lesson might be very frequent but only causes low level stress) equates to a fairly rare but very intense event (a pupil throwing an object at the teacher in the classroom)? Some researchers have developed more precise

Corporate Law Securities and Investment

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Law for Securities and Investment. Answer: Introduction: The present case had been commenced as civil proceedings in the Supreme Court of New South Wales by the Commission of Australian Securities and Investment against James Hardie Industries Limited. The case was commenced in context to false and misleading preparation and presentation of public statements and breached the regulations of section 180(1) under Corporations Act. It was found that the case involved James Hardie Industries NV along with the seven directors, former non- executive and three former executives of James Hardie Industries Limited. The decision of the case presented the significance on the role of directors including executive and non- executive directors, along with the senior executive management of the organization. Further, the case also highlighted the appropriate implementation of legal regulations for considering the strategic matters, issues on corporate governance and other business decisions. Background of the case: James Hardie Industries Limited was holding/ parent company of the organizational group James Hardie that was engaged in the manufacturing and trading business of asbestos till the year 1937. Until the year 1987, the James Hardie group including its two subsidiary companies engaged in the business of same products. Later, in the year 2001, early February, the board members of the organization formed a foundation named Medical Research and Compensation in order to manage and satisfy the claim for asbestos products. Accordingly, the organizational executives prepared a draft ASX announcement for the purpose of public release which was approved by the board of directors. Another event occurred during the same time was formation of covenant and indemnity deed between the company and Coy Jsekarb to indemnify the organization from the liabilities against the trading of products. As per the release of ASX draft by the James Hardie Group, the total assets of the foundation was valued and stated to $293 million. It was mentioned that the said amount would be enough to meet the required funds for compensatory claims for the injury on using the asbestos products. In view of the press conference, it was noted that the organizations CEO, Mr. Macdonald, presented statements on the Foundations sufficient funds. Moreover, it was found that The Deed was not presented and revealed in any announcement made by ASX. Further, it was observed that the group of James Hardie was restricted after the formation of the Foundation, in terms of new parent company and incorporated in the Netherlands. During the year 2002, the CEO of the enterprise, Mr. Macdonald provided presentation across several regions stating the statement on sufficient funds in the Foundation with respect to the holding company, James Hardie Group. Accordingly, the Commission of Australian Securities and Investment initiated civil proceedings against the organizations (JHIL and JHNIV) for presenting false and misleading statement. The commission contended that the organizations provided false statements with respect to the securities leading to deceptive conduct and breach of continuous disclosures in compliance with the principles of Corporations Act. Apart from the organization, the proceeding was also commenced against the non- executive directors, CEO of the organization as well as the General Counsel along with the organizational CFO. Legal Issues The following case involves civil proceedings with respect to the supervision and regulation of the relevant principles of Corporations Act. The case incorporates whether the announcement made for the Foundation statement was approved at the meeting of the directors and whether the minute was prepared in compliance with the principles under section 251A and 1305 of the Corporations Act. It had been observed that the statement issued by the organizational directors contained fraud and misleading information to the investors and other stakeholders of the company. It is required to be determined that whether the directors of the company including senior executives breached the regulations of section 180(1) of the Corporations Act. Further, the present case requires to determine whether the principles of section 995(2) of the Corporations Act had been complied while making the announcement for the release of statement to ASX. Since the released statement contained the information on exis ting funds with the Foundation, it is essential to disclose the true and fair value of assets and funds for the benefit of stakeholders, investors and public. Accordingly, the final release of the statements requires to be approved by the directors as well as it is important to check the compliance of legal regulations for correct and fair disclosure of value of assets. Therefore, it is required to be analyzed whether the company followed the principles of section 995(2) and 999 along with the regulations of section 180(1), 181 under Corporations Act. It is to be determined whether the directors failed to comply the regulations of Corporations Act section 180(1) with respect to the approval of draft statement and public announcement made through ASX. Apart from the company and directors, the case includes analysis on compliance of Corporation Act regulations in part of CEO and general counsel with respect to the draft Information Memorandum to be used for the arrangement of members scheme. Additionally, regulations of section 1041 under Corporation Act along with the analysis of Listing Regulations 3.1 for the purpose of restructuring disclosures. Legal Principles According to section 251A under Corporations Act, the organization is required to prepare and maintain the minute book within the period of one month to record the resolutions and proceedings of the meetings. It is also important to record the proceedings of meeting of directors as well as other resolutions passed by the company directors or members. Further, section 1305 of the Corporations Act requires a company to maintain the corporate books for the purpose of admissible in evidence for proceedings or any other legal matters (Austlii.edu.au 2016). As per section 180 of the Corporations Act on care and diligence to be performed by the directors and executives, it is significant to exercise the duties for business activities by maintain reasonable care and diligence. The directors and executive officers are required to discharge the requisite duties with proper care so that the business decisions and activities reflects true and fair results for the stakeholders and public (Madsen and Rodgers 2015). For the purpose of any business decisions, directors and executives are responsible to make judgment based on good faith and it should not include any personal interest material to the company. Apart from that, section 180 provides that the directors and executives should inform themselves including the company for the purpose of appropriate and fair business decisions. It is important to conduct business activities as well as business decisions in the best interests of the organization as well he stakeholders (Crane, Graham and Himick 2015). Moreover, section 180(1) along with the sub- section (2) should be operated in compliance to the regulations of common law with respect to the directors duties. Further, section 995 as well as section 999 of the Corporation Act states the regulations on misleading or deceptive conduct for preparing and presenting the statements for dealing in securities. It states that any person, director or executive of the organization should not be involved in relation to the deal of securities for allotment, issue or for the purpose of publishing the related statements (Austlii.edu.au 2016). Moreover, it is stated that the contravention of section 995 would be considered if the statement of securities value or any other relevant information if it contains deceptive or misleading information. Accordingly, section 181 of the Corporation Act requires the organizational directors to present the business documents and statements in true and fair view as well as in good faith for the benefit of investors and other stakeholders of the company. If the any director or executive officer contravenes the principles of section 181, then the offender would be liable under civil penalty as per the limitations mentioned under section 1317E. Accordingly, section 1041 provides that the person engaged with the organization should not be involved in any transactions whether directly or indirectly to create artificial trading price (Austlii.edu.au 2016). Decision Considering the legal regulations and principles of relevant to the circumstances laid in the present case, the court contended that the directors and other organizational executives failed to comply the requirements of Corporation Act. It was found that the secretary, general counsel and other directors of JHIL breached the principles of section 180(1) since the concerned executives failed to ensure the accountability and fairness of the ASX announcement. As the statement mentioned the information on sufficient funds for paying off the compensation, it is significant to present the same with transparency and accountability. The responsibility of presenting the true and fair statement lies on the CEO, CFO, secretary as well as general counsel of the company ensuring the compliance of required provisions of Corporations Act. With respect to the indemnity deed, it was contended by the court that the organizational CEO and General Counsel did not comply the provisions of 180(1) for providing approval to release the deed with misleading information. Accordingly, in case of ASX announcement, the court found that the CEO of the company breached the principles under sections 999 and 995 of Corporations Act since the announcement contained misleading information. In order to present any statement for providing information to the public it is essential to provide correct and appropriate information, which was not presented by the senior executives of JHINV. Since the principles of sections 999 requires the company and concerned senior executives to present the appropriate announcement or public statements, it is essential to provide ASX announcement in compliance with the provisions (Trautman, Triche and Wetherbe 2013). The court found that the CEO of the company Mr. Macdonald did not comply the provisions of se ction 1041 subsection (E) and (H) for involvement in ant transactions. As per the regulations of section 1041(E) and 1041(H), any concerned executive of the organizations should not be involved in the business transactions or any financial products or services. According to the relevant provisions, financial products or service includes dealing or issue of services that involves offer price for securities, bidding or any other pricing recommendations (Augustin, Brenner and Subrahmanyam 2015). In case the requirements of section 1041(E) and 1041(H) are contravened then the offender would be assessed for civil liability under section 1041I, division 4. As per the analysis of the court, it had been found that the senior executives of the company including directors and CEO, regulations of section 1041 of the Companies Act had been contravened (Austlii.edu.au 2016). As a result, the concerned executives would be held liable under civil proceedings to contravene the provisions of Compani es Act for presenting deceptive information in the ASX statements. In addition, the court also found that the company as well as the concerned officials failed to act in good faith following the provisions of the Corporations Act. On the contrary, Australian Securities and Investment Commission failed to form the allegations against the group of James Hardie including senior executives. Accordingly, the court decided that the CEO of the company Mr. Macdonald and other senior executives failed to provide appropriate suggestions to the board of directors for compliance of section 180 and 199 under Corporations Act (Austlii.edu.au 2016). It was found that the secretary of the company, general counsel and CFO failed to verify the compliance of section 1041 and listing rules while disclosing the ASX announcement and other public statements. The Supreme Court of New South Wales held Mr. Macdonald guilty for non- compliance of section 180 subsection 1 of Corporations Act for approving the release of ASX final announcement without eliminating the misleading information. Similarly, while presenting and releasing the indemnity deed, the senior executives and directors failed to comply the provisions of section 995 and 999 in the best interest of the stakeholders and other investors. Therefore, the concerned officials i.e. directors, CEO, company secretary, general counsel and other senior executives held liable for civil penalty for contravention of Companies Act affecting the good faith and best interest of the public. Reference: Agrawal, A. and Cooper, T., 2015. Insider trading before accounting scandals.Journal of Corporate Finance,34, pp.169-190. Aryan, S. and Mirabbasi, B., 2016. Good Faith Principle and Its Consequences in Pre-Contractual Period: A Comparative Study on English and French Law, The.J. Pol. L.,9, p.232. Augustin, P., Brenner, M. and Subrahmanyam, M.G., 2015. Informed options trading prior to MA announcements: Insider trading?.Available at SSRN 2441606. Austlii.edu.au. 2016. Australasian Legal Information Institute (AustLII). [online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/ [Accessed 13 Dec. 2016]. Crane, A., Graham, C. and Himick, D., 2015. Financializing stakeholder claims.Journal of Management Studies,52(7), pp.878-906. Donner, I.H., 2016. Fiduciary Duties of Directors When Managing Intellectual Property.Nw. J. Tech. Intell. Prop.,14, p.203. Huang, Q., Jiang, F., Lie, E. and Yang, K., 2014. The role of investment banker directors in MA.Journal of Financial Economics,112(2), pp.269-286. Knepper, W.E., Bailey, D.A., Bowman, K.B., Eblin, R.L. and Lane, R.S., 2015.Duty of Loyalty(Vol. 1). Liability of Corporate Officers and Directors. Lee, C.C., Wu, Y.L., Huang, W.H., Lee, Y.C., Chen, P.R., Lee, H.R. and Chang, Y.W., 2016. Information disclosure, social responsibility, trust, and attitude affect loyalty to housing agents.Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal,44(5), pp.717-726. Madsen, P.M. and Rodgers, Z.J., 2015. Looking good by doing good: The antecedents and consequences of stakeholder attention to corporate disaster relief.Strategic Management Journal,36(5), pp.776-794. Mouraviev, N. and Kakabadse, N.K., 2015. PublicPrivate Partnerships Procurement Criteria: The case of managing stakeholders value creation in Kazakhstan.Public Management Review,17(6), pp.769-790. Ponsford, M.P., 2016. Corporate Governance and the Business Judgment Rule: Fiduciary Duties of Directors in Canada and The People's Republic of China.Journal of Civil Legal Sciences. Raithel, S. and Schwaiger, M., 2015. The effects of corporate reputation perceptions of the general public on shareholder value.Strategic Management Journal,36(6), pp.945-956. Ryan, S.G., Tucker, J.W. and Zhou, Y., 2015. Securitization and insider trading.The Accounting Review,91(2), pp.649-675. Tarr, J.A., 2015. A growing good faith in contracts.Journal of Business Law,2015(5), pp.410-415. Trautman, L.J., Triche, J. and Wetherbe, J.C., 2013. Corporate Information Technology Governance Under Fire.Journal of Strategic and International Studies,8(3).

Volumetric Analysis Chemistry Lab Report Sample

Volumetric Analysis Chemistry Lab Report Paper It must be understood that the number of moles of the reacting Noah and the number of moles of the product Nag acid, must both equal (in this case 1 11) in order for the calculation to find the molar mass to work. Procedure: Begin the procedure by first making sure all glassware has been cleaned. Next set up the burette for the titration using the same method as week 1. Similar to week 1 the titration is performed using Noah as a base in the solution so the burette should filled with the Noah and the initial volume may be recorded. The acid (acetic acid) should be mixed in solution with 5. 0 ml of acid and 50. 0 ml of water. The water can be added in excess because the hydrogen that bonds with the OH to make water as a product is already present in vinegar and so it doesnt bond with other water molecules. Once the solution is mixed the indicator is added and the titration process may be initiated. As the base is added to the solution a faint purple color appears and disappears. The c olor fades much slower as the titration is almost complete. After completion the final volume of the Noah in the burette was recorded and used in calculation. This entire process was repeated for a second titration. The average molarities of Noah was found and used to determine the percent acetic acid present in vinegar. After calculating the percent acetic acid in vinegar the second part of the experiment was initiated. The first step was weighing out two samples of the unknown acid to between given values on the container. Each sample was used in separate titration. Each titration was carried out using the same methods as before. Once the molar mass of each sample was found the values were then averaged and the deviation was found. We will write a custom essay sample on Volumetric Analysis Chemistry Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Volumetric Analysis Chemistry Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Volumetric Analysis Chemistry Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When solving for the percent of acetic acid present in vinegar the end result of 3. 57% was not far off from the standard 4%. The small error could be a result of error in experiment or an actual failure of the acid to meet the federal standard. An example of error in experimentation is while the solution is titrated completely, the flask being swirled is removed from underneath the burette and a drop or two of Noah can sneak out before the valve is closed. Those few missed drops as well as excess Noah in titration can affect the accuracy of the results. Human error is almost always a factor for example when measuring any values without digital assistance leaves room for the naked eye to make mistakes. As far as the second part of the experiment was, the 0. 0025% deviation indicates that the titration was accurate. The ending molar (202. 59 g/mol) of the mystery acid points to two possible suspects. The mass first being Cesium Determinate, and the second Sodium Determinate. Without the information it wasnt possible to determine which one it would be. There is also a chance that the results had small deviation (accurate) but were not precise. For example if both titration had error due to the mass of the samples being incorrect. There was also a potential error during the second titration. While adding the indicator to the acid solution the tip came in contact with the burette and the drop of indicator managed to seep up the burette into the Noah and so all the Noah that had turned purple had to be drained. Normally flushing the burette would get rid of the indicator but even after flushing the entire system there was still a faint purple lingering in the tip of the burette.

How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile 13th Edition

How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile 13th Edition At long last†¦ How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, 13th  Edition is on sale!! Since March of this year, LinkedIn seems to be making changes to its platform on a daily basis. I have been diligently editing my book as the changes roll in, and I finally feel comfortable enough, now that the major features seem to have settled, that I am â€Å"pulling the trigger† and publishing the 13th  Edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile. As I went through the process of creating this edition, I realized that there’s probably a different format that will be more easily kept current. I’ve decided this will be the FINAL version of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile in its current form! So if you want a comprehensive, up-to-date LinkedIn resource for 2018, now’s the time to get it – for just $9.97! If you do choose to pick up a copy of my book, note that only the e-book has been updated. It is the ONLY book I know of on the market with all the latest images from the current LinkedIn platform. If you get the print version, there will be parts that are out of date, but you can subscribe at no extra cost to get the book in PDF format. that way you can refer to the PDF for anything you need. What’s in the Book? Here’s just a taste of what’s in the 13th edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile: Revised images and instructions throughout to match LinkedIns new redesign Update on which features have really disappeared and which have moved Mobile-specific instructions Special advice from a past recruiter How to create an All-Star profile The new face of LinkedIn Jobs And more! Get KILLER LinkedIn Tips All in One Place Over the past six months, I have published multiple articles about the new LinkedIn. You could certainly take the time to read them all individually. Be warned, however, that some of the material in these articles is already outdated – and they do not cover everything that’s in the new edition of my book. Here’s where you can go to get a sense of just a few of the updates you’ll find in the 13th edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile: Everything You Need to Know About the New LinkedIn Recommendations Section How to Find a Job Using LinkedIn How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Headline The Incredible Disappearing LinkedIn Profile – Part II From the Mouth of LinkedIn: 6 Things You Need to Know The Incredible Disappearing LinkedIn Profile – Part I But why go to six different places when you could get everything in one total package? Remember, this is the last year that How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile will exist in its current format. If you purchase the PDF, I’ll continue to provide you with updates until January 2019 if relevant changes occur on LinkedIn. After that, I’m scheming up something new! Also, starting a month from now, the PDF version of my book will NOT be available for sale for three months on my website. So now is the time to get the best, most up-to-date handbook that exists on writing a KILLER LinkedIn profile. I’m open to ideas for what to create next. If there’s anything you’d like to see for my next resource about LinkedIn, please share!

How Is the SAT Scored Scoring Charts

How Is the SAT Scored Scoring Charts SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips One question that often comes up as you begin studying for the SAT is this: how on earth is this thing scored? Or more specifically, how are the raw scores you earn from each section turned into those neat numbers between 200 and 800 you see on the score report? This article breaks down how the SAT is scored, section by section. You will learn how your raw score becomes a scaled score and how you can use that information to your advantage. After all, a strong understanding of the exam can give you an edge on the SAT. Overview The SAT has two big sections – Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW), and Math. You can earn a scaled score of between 200 and 800 points on each section, for a total of 1600 possible points on the Redesigned SAT. (If you're looking for information about the old SAT, which was last offered in January 2016 and scored out of 2400, you can learn here how to calculate your SAT score and how to interpret your SAT results.) The scaled score of between 200 and 800 is converted from the raw score you earn on each section. Your raw score is simply the number of questions you answered correctly. Skipped or wrong questions do not add or subtract from your raw score. So how do those raw scores become scaled scores? It happens through a process that College Board calls equating: â€Å"Equating ensures that the different forms of the test or the level of ability of the students with whom you are tested do not affect your score. Equating makes it possible to make comparisons among test takers who take different editions of the test across different administrations.† In other words, equating is not curving your score relative to other test takers on the day you take the test. Equating controls for slight variations in different SAT dates to ensure that scaled scores represent the same level of ability across different test dates. For example, a 600 on SAT Math in March has to represent the same ability level as a 600 on SAT Math in May. So if the May test turns out to be more difficult for students, the raw-score to scaled-score calculation will be adjusted so that a slightly lower raw score still nets a 600 scaled score. Since the equating formula changes from test to test to keep the scores equal, there is no way to know for sure how a certain raw score will translate to a scaled score. However, the College Board releases raw score to scaled score ranges to give you an idea of what level of raw score you need to get to certain scaled score numbers. While there are not confirmed score range tables available yet, we can use the raw to scaled score tables included in College Board’s free SAT practice tests for a sense of how raw scores become scaled scores on the Redesigned SAT. You'll notice as you look at the tables that they differ slightly: for example, a raw score of 57 gets you a perfect 800 on Test 4 but not Test 1. This is because, as we discussed above, each test is equated so that despite slight differences in difficulty, an 800 on one test means the same as an 800 on another test. In this case, the Math section on Test 4 is slightly harder, so you can only miss one point and still get an 800. And don’t worry – we will explain scoring for each section in depth so you’ll know exactly how to use these tables. Test 1 Score Conversion Table Via College Board's Scoring Your Practice Test 1. Test 4 Score Conversion Table Via College Board's Scoring Your Practice Test 4. Next, we will break down the mechanics of scoring section-to-section, to help you best prepare for each part of the test. Calculating Your Math Section Score Finding your score on SAT Math is relatively straightforward. I'll walk you step-by-step through finding your raw score to calculating your final scaled score between 200 and 800. Figure out your raw score on each of the two math sections (No Calculator and Calculator). This is just the total amount of questions you answered correctly. The No Calculator section has 20 possible points, while the Calculator section has 38 possible points. Blank or wrong questions do not count for or against you. For the Grid-In answers, where you fill in the answer rather than choosing A, B, C, or D, remember that there can be a few different ways to write the same answer (for example, 3/5 could also be written as 0.6). As an example, let's say I take Practice Test 1. After checking my answers, I count 15 correct answers on the No Calculator Section, and 25 correct answers on the Calculator section. I ignore wrong or blank answers as I count, since there is no longer a deduction for wrong answers. Add your No-Calculator raw score to your Calculator raw score. This is your final Math raw score. The highest possible raw score is 58. To continue my example, I would add 15 (my raw score on the No Calculator section) to 25 (my raw score on the Calculator section) for a final Math raw score of 40. Using the table for your practice test, find the scaled score of 200-800 your raw score matches to. Since I took Practice Test 1, I use Table 1 and find that a raw score of 40 translates to a scaled score of 610. Via College Board's Scoring Your Practice Test 1. What if you're not using one of College Board's practice tests? If you’re scoring questions from a practice test without a raw score to scaled score table, or you just want to know how many raw points you would need for a certain score, look at both tables to come up with an estimate. For example, when I look at Table 4, I see that a raw score of 40 on that test would have gotten me a 670! Based on that, I know if I get a raw score of 40 on Math, I can bet on a final score in the low- to mid-600s. We'll talk more about how to come up with raw score goals later in the post! Calculating Your Evidence-Based Reading and Writing Score Finding your EBRW scaled score is a bit trickier than finding your Math score, since you have to combine your performance on the Reading and Writing sections. Let's take a look. Find your raw score on the Reading section. This is just the total amount of questions you answered correctly. Blank or wrong questions do not count for or against you. The highest raw score possible is 52. To continue with my example, let's stay with Practice Test 1. Let's say I correct the Reading section and find that I got 39 questions right. That gives me a Reading raw score of 39. Find your raw score on the Writing section. This is just the total amount of questions you answered correctly. Blank or wrong questions do not count for or against you. The highest raw score possible is 44. Let's say I correct the Writing section and see that I got 35 questions correct. My Writing raw score is 35. Find your Reading â€Å"scaled score† on the table. This is a number between 10 and 40. Using Table 1, I look up my Reading raw score of 40, and see that it translates to a scaled score of 32. Find your Writing â€Å"scaled score† on the table. This is a number between 10 and 40. Using Table 1, I look up my Writing raw score of 35 and see that it also translates to 32. Via College Board's Scoring Your Practice Test 1. Add your Reading and Writing scaled scores together. You’ll get a number between 20 and 80. Since I got a 32 scaled score on both Reading and Writing, I add them together: 32 + 32 = 64. Multiply your scaled score by 10. This is your final scaled score between 200 and 800. I multiply 64 by 10 to get 640. This is my final Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score. Finally, I can calculate my total SAT composite score, since I know my Math score (610) and my EBRW score (640). I simply add them together to get the composite: 610 + 640 = 1250. Not too shabby! Subscores But wait, there's more! The Redesigned SAT also gives you a number of subscores: two that rate your ability in different subjects (History/Social Studies and Science), and seven that break down the Math, Reading, and Writing sections into more specific (and creatively-named!) skills, for example, "Heart of Algebra." You can read in-depth about the Subscores on the Redesigned SAT website. We’ll explain here how to calculate these various subscores – and also talk a bit about why they’re not as important as your main section scores. Cross-Tess Scores: Analysis in History/Social Studies and Analysis in Science To calculate your cross-test scores, you need to have access to a detailed answer key that marks which questions fall under which cross-score categories, since they will come from all different sections of the test. If you take the College Board's free practice tests (linked above), then you can use their answer keys, which are quite detailed. Find the questions marked as History/Social Studies and Science in the answer key. Next, find your raw score for each category – simply total up how many questions you got right. This can be a bit tedious, since you have to count up questions from different sections. College Board's answer keys come with a table to help you do this. Via College Board's Scoring Your Practice Test 1. Finally, use their table to calculate your final scaled score, between 10 and 40, for each subject area, History/Social Science and Science, based on the raw scores you found. Unlike EBRW, you do not combine these two scores and multiply them for a final scaled score between 200 and 800. They simply stand alone as indicators of your Science and Social Science skills. Via College Board's Scoring Your Practice Test 1. Subject-Specific Subscores You can also calculate subscores for seven other areas: Expression of Ideas, Standard English Conventions, Heart of Algebra, Problem Solving and Data Analysis, Passport to Advanced Math, Words in Context, and Command of Evidence. These subscores give you more fine-grained information about your performance within Math and EBRW. You find these subscores using the same process: find the questions marked as belonging to those categories, total up your raw score for each category, and then use the conversion table to find your scaled scores. It can definitely be tedious to calculate all of these on your own, since there are seven categories, but it can be worth it to learn more about your strengths and weaknesses as a test-taker, as we will discuss below. An example of how to find the relevant questions to calculate a subscore. Via College Board's Scoring Your Practice Test 1. The final conversion table for finding your subscores. Via College Board's Scoring Your Practice Test 1. How Much Do My Subscores Matter? In terms of how your SAT score is perceived, the subscores aren’t very important. Colleges are looking most closely at your composite score, and then at the two main section scores (EBRW and Math). They may look at your subscores for more info or context about your performance, but they’re not nearly as important. Especially since these subscore categories are new with the Redesigned SAT, and colleges aren’t really used to taking all of these different subscores into account, they are more likely to rely on just the basic composite (1600) and main section scores (out of 800) to compare your scores with other applicants. However, these subscores can be very helpful for you. Why? They can give you major clues as to where to focus your prep. For example, say that when you calculate your math subscores and notice that you missed over half of the â€Å"Passport to Advanced Math† questions, despite getting the other questions mostly correct. That’s a big hint that you are struggling with some higher-level math concepts, and you should study them carefully before retaking the test. So even though it's tedious, if you're not getting the scores you want on practice exams, take the time to calculate your subscores both the cross-subject scores and the section subscores to figure out where you're going wrong and to focus your studying more carefully. What About the Essay? Unlike the old SAT, on the new SAT, your essay score is totally separate and not combined with your final composite score in any way. (You could technically score a perfect 1600 even with a subpar essay – not that we recommend blowing the essay off, as we will discuss below!). As forhow your essay is graded, it will receive three scores between 2 and 8: one score for Reading, one for Analysis, and one for Writing. A 2 is the lowest score for any category, while 8 is the highest. Reading will judge how well you read through and understood the passage the essay is about and how well you demonstrate that understanding in your essay. Analysis will judge how well you analyze the passage in relation to the prompt and how solid (or not) your argument is. Writing will judge how strong your essay is from a construction standpoint: in other words, is it logical? Does it flow well? Do you use good grammar and spelling? Two readers (as in, two flesh and blood people!) will read your essay, and give the Reading, Analysis, and Writing parts of your essay a score from 1 to 4. Those scores will then be added together for the three final scores of between 2 and 8. You can read a complete SAT essay rubric in case you’re curious about how exactly the essay will be graded. How To Use This Information So, now that you’re an expert on how the SAT is scored, how can you use this information to your advantage? We have identified four key ways in which understanding SAT scores can help you make a smart study plan and improve your score. #1: Develop Targeted Raw Scores You can use College Board’s raw-to-scaled score tables to help develop a target raw score for each section. For example, if you want to crack 700 on Math, you should aim for at least a 45, though 50 is the safest bet. If you want to get to at least a 700 on EBRW, since it combines Reading and Writing, you can play around a bit with your raw score goals. For example, you could aim to get a scaled score of 35 on each section, for a total of 70. In this case, you would go for 45 raw points on Reading and 39 raw points on Writing. But say you are really confident about the Writing section but less confident on Reading. You could go for a perfect 40 on Writing and aim for 30 on Reading and still get a 70, a.k.a. 700, overall. In that case, you would aim for all 44 raw points on Writing and 36 raw points on reading. So no matter what your score goals are, using the tables to find the raw scores you need helps make your studying more concrete and manageable. Knowing how many raw points you need gives you a much better sense of how to approach each section. (By the way, if you're wondering what SAT score you should aim for you should read our guide to what a good SAT score is.) #2: Guess Aggressively Since the Redesigned SAT doesn’t have a guessing penalty, make sure to answer every single question on every single section – even if it means filling in random bubbles if you run out of time at the end of the test. At best, you’ll pick up an extra raw point or two, at worst, you won’t gain any. But you will not be hurt at all by guessing, so it’s worth the shot! Remember: if you're leaving blank bubbles on your SAT answer sheet, you're basically throwing away free raw points. #3: Don't Sweat the Essay... But Don't Brush It Off, Either Since the essay doesn’t factor into your final composite score, don’t devote too much of your SAT study time on it. Having the highest composite score possible is important both for admission to selective schools and for getting merit scholarships. However, you shouldn’t swing the other way and completely bomb the essay. Colleges will be able to read your essay when your SAT scores are sent, so you want it to represent your sincerest effort. Especially since colleges have the essay as an example of your writing, you want it to be good quality so that your carefully edited essays don't look like they were written by someone else. Bottom line: your overall composite score is much more important than the essay, and as long as your essay score isn’t drastically different than your composite, you’ll be fine. #4: Do Sweat the Math Section Since Math is exactly half of your composite score, it’s more important than ever to study hard for it. Unlike the old SAT, on which Math was just 1/3 of your total composite, on the Redesigned SAT, it can absolutely make or break your score. To take an example, let's look at two hypothetical students. Student A does perfectly on Reading and Writing, scoring a perfect 40 on each section for a composite of 800. However, he stumbles a bit on Math, getting a composite of 600. Student A's final composite is 1400. Student B, meanwhile, does perfectly on Math, with a score of 800, and Reading, with a scaled score of 40. However, she stumbles a bit on writing and only gets a scaled score of 30. Her final EBRW scaled score is a 70 (40 + 30), meaning that she ends up with an EBRW composite of 700. So Student B's final composite score is a 1500, significantly higher! The message here isn't to neglect studying for Reading and Writing. It is still important to do very well on both sections for a strong EBRW score. However, you can see that out of the three sections, Math carries the most weight, so it's very important to do well on Math for a strong final composite score. What's Next? Did the last section freak you out? If you don't consider yourself a math person, don't panic! We have the ultimate guide for SAT Math including practice problems and key strategies to help you do well. By the way, we believe anyone can be a math person! To find out how, check out this article on getting perfect grades in high school from our resident Harvard alum. Not only does this guide have great advice for improving your grades, it also explains the concept of a "growth mindset" and why having this mindset is key to doing well, even in subjects you think you're not good at. Get the complete lowdown on the Redesigned SAT with our complete guide to the New SAT. In this post we break down new question types, new strategies, and new challenges that you may face on the SAT beginning in March 2016. What SAT score should you aim for?We take you step by step through figuring out your SAT target score. This is a crucial step to be able to figure out the raw scores you need for each section and to make a comprehensive study plan. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points?Click below to download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need to keep in mind to have a shot:

Corporate Compliance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corporate Compliance - Essay Example Governance, risk management and compliance were the key elements that needed to be address by the company. Aero energy turned to SAP GRC Access Control and the systems risk analysis and remediation functionality to find the answer they needed (Krell, 2008).This tool has had the specific functionality that allow the company to meet its Sarbanes Oxley needs as well as enhancing the companys risk management capabilities. The solution to a certain extend worked in an automated manner, but it needed a corporate commitment from different people and departments. Three elements that were needed for it to work were: standardizing various business processes, full commitment from the companys executive staff and the participation and monitoring of the finance and IT departments (Krell, 2008). The implementation of the new system met the expectations of the company. It allowed the parent companies to perform joint internal and external audits much faster than before. The entire process was efficient and provided administrative and labor savings because the information was accessible and the raw data was organize in an easy to use manner. The realignment of the organizational structure allowed the desired collaboration to take place at Aera Energy. The move also allowed the firm to address other compliance issues such as segregation of duties. Prior to implementing this solution the company was struggling to deal as subsidiary company with the Sarbanes-Oxley obligation its parent companies request, but after implementing the new system their underlying problems were resolved. The Arkansas Foundation for Medical Care (AFMC) is an organization that has been in business for over 30 years. The company is responsible for performing peer review and quality improvements for Medicare. Ironically a company dedicated to providing advice to others had forgotten about how to improve its own

Principles of Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Principles of Economics - Research Paper Example Based on this research economics is about scarcity and choice. It is assumed that all human beings are rational thinkers hence would always choose to consume products that would give them maximum satisfaction or utility. Mankiw argues that rational people ‘systematically and purposefully do the best to achieve objectives given available opportunity.’ Given a choice among alternatives and with scarce resources, one would evaluate the benefits and costs of consuming an extra unit of a product and would only take a decision only if marginal benefit is greater than marginal cost. In this case, to solve the alcohol abuse problem, one has to consider marginal benefits and marginal costs derived from consuming an extra unit of alcohol and since excessive drinking has more costs than benefits, one would refrain from alcohol. The opportunity cost foregone by choosing to abuse alcohol is too high compared to satisfaction derived; money spent on alcohol can do many other things suc h as feeding the family, education for children, and investments among others. Besides, the person may have health problems thus adding to the costs. By considering all these factors, a rational person would refrain from alcohol abuse. Heyne acknowledges the role played by incentives in directing behavior. For him, rational people usually respond to incentives or are induced to act by them. Assuming alcohol abusers are rational, imposing taxes on alcohol substances would eliminate the problem. This would follow the law of demand which states that other things being constant, if the price of a good increase, the quantity demanded of the good decreases. Taxes have the effect of increasing alcohol prices and this would automatically mean that the abusers would desist from alcohol consumption or cut their consumption. Prescription Drug Effects on Demand and Supply of Other Products and Services Prescription drugs are drugs prescribed by a medical officer to a patient and are regulated b y legislation unlike the over-the-counter drugs which can be old to anyone. If a patient is under prescription drugs, he/she buys the drugs despite the price of the drugs. An increase or decrease in price of the drugs therefore has little or no effect on the quantity demanded by an individual (McCarthy & Schafermeyer, 2007). The drugs are provided by the National Health Insurance and have no close substitutes. The increase in price of the drugs thus affects all the sectors of healthcare industry such as patients and private insurers. Due to increased costs, the private insurers are forced to increase the cost of their services in case they have to offer such drugs and this may lead to low demand for their services. The patients are also required to get medical prescriptions before obtaining the drugs thus the demand for the medicine may be low compared to over-the-counter drugs. Use of prescription drugs also has an effect on demand for other healthcare services such as hospitalizat ion. The prescription drugs also affect supply of generic products as manufacturers have patents to supply the new drugs for some years. Elasticity of Demand and Supply The price elasticity of demanded which is percentage change in quantity demanded over percentage change in price shows consumers responsiveness to price changes. (McKenzie & Lee, 2006). It is an important consideration when analyzing the impact of a shift in supply and in determining if the firm should raise or lower its price. The supply curve is upward sloping showing a positive relationship between price and quantity supplied other things held constant. However, in long-run, those factors do change causing a shift in supply curve. Such factors include; input prices, technology, expectations and number of sellers in the market. For example, an increase in input prices such as labor would lead to a decrease in supply thus shifting the supply curve to the left. This

Solar Powered Cars Essay Example for Free

Solar Powered Cars Essay Cars that run on fossil fuels are still standard, but many would like to replace those diesel or gas engines with alternative fuels. One promising possibility is to develop solar powered cars. Although this is not yet a reality, prototypes have been built and proven to be functional and now many researchers are trying to find ways of using solar energy to power cars. Solar powered cars would have many advantages over those that run on fossil fuels. These advantages are directly the result of the alternative source of energy. Cars that are solar powered basically run on energy collected from the sun’s rays and that means that there is an unlimited supply of the source energy. This gives solar powered vehicles an edge over those that use up the limited supplies of oil reserves. Another advantage of solar energy is that it is also free of future costs for the supply and requires very little maintenance and upkeep. This would make solar powered cars cheap to drive. Since solar power doesn’t have any emissions, the cars would also be considered clean or â€Å"green† and not have a negative impact on the environment. However, as of now there are no standard solar powered car models on the market. This may change in the near future, though, since many of the major manufacturers are also looking into this alternative source of energy and have ideas, such as adding solar panels to the car roof or to use solar energy as a power source to charge electric cars. Media Plan The medium we selected is Print media Commercial (TV) Print Medium: The Ad should be high resolute and innovated that if the customer is in market buy the product can actually picture the Ad .People we are targeting the middle class people. Ad will be advertized in Sunday Magazine The NEWS cover page as first impression is the last THE DAWN cover page as first impression is the last As many people we are targeting read news papers on weekends only and will impact them more efficiently It will help customer to Thorley read the ad and make a thought about the product, The cover page will cost on the NEW (cover page) 4’’ will cost 180000 per week And Dawn will charge on 230000 for a week Commercial (TV) Time should be exact before 9:00 headline (news) Geo News is the channel we have selected and time selected slot we are have finalized is 8:59 Time span will be 30 seconds   Geo is currently costing us 350000 per commercial, and off the peak time it will cost us 250000

The Downfall of Tess in Thomas Hardys Tess of the DUrbervilles Essay

The Downfall of Tess in Thomas Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles Tess of the D'Urbervilles is considered to be a tragedy due to the catastrophic downfall of the protaganist Tess. From the early days in her life, her father John had begun to destroy her, which then led to Alex D'Urbervill and eventually finished with Angel Clare. Each dominant male figure in her life cocntributed to her tragic downfall which the reader encounters at the end of the novel. It is unfortunate how one woman can be ruined by the three most important and dominant people in her life. Tess's downfall began with her experiences with her father. She grew up with a father who drank excessively and did not give her any type of guidance or support. His characteristics are revealed when he sends Tess to Tantridge to dliver the beehives, due to the fact that he is too drunk to do it himself. Rather than taking responsibility for the dreadful accident Tess had with the family's horse, he sends her to the D'Urbervilles mansion to seek their name and fortune. Following this, when Tess delivers her baby upon returning from Tantridge, the reader once again sees John's true sides of how horrible he is and how he destroys his daughter, by not letting the parson come and baptize her child, Sorrow, yet he is on the verge of dying. Her son's name reflects just how miserable she is and how much pain she is going through, because of Alec. Throughout these incidents the reader can see just how Tess is selfless andl oyal to her family and is focused on helping them, so she goes and seeks help from her family members. The outcome of this is unfortunately useable, her downfall. Tess's journey to Tantridge and her introduction to Alex is the be... ...one she could trust and rely on, but this had not occurred. Even though it was not intentional, Angel himself had driven Tess into Alec's arms, when he had left her. She was forced to go back to him, because of poverty and because of her family. When Tess found out Angel had returned from Brazil, she found the the only way out of her recently started relationship with Alec was by murdering him. It is distressing how all three dominant male figures in her life had chosen to hurt her so immensely. Unfortunetly Tess is very influence by people, whihc leads her to face many horrible incidents throughout her life. She is selfless, loyal and weak which makes it easy for her father John, Alec and Angel to hurt her and cause her pain, which eventually caused her downfall. Therefore it is correct; the catastrophic downfall of Tess is due to the men in her life.

Does advertising help or harm us? Essay

Advertisements are a great way to make people aware of products, issues, and more, But advertising become a problem to society. It gets us to spend all kinds of money on products and things that we really do not need. First, Advertising is harmful to the mental health of the majority of population across the world because it puts teenagers and children especially in doubt of their worth and beauty. For example, there are so many advertisements out there showing â€Å"perfect† woman, and this just makes young girls feel badly about themselves. It’s like telling them that they have to buy products to look pretty or smart and to be able to being accepted in society. So, this can lead to bigger issues. Second , Advertisements are everywhere people go. It’s nearly impossible to go anywhere without seeing an advertisement because the sheer volume of advertising in our society is incredible. for instance , You cannot watch television, ride on a bus or even walk down the street without someone trying to sell you something or inform you of something. People do not like so much of advertising in their lives. It sets their minds buzzing what to buy and what not to buy. Advertising is an exploitative tool, No one really needs any of the items on sale and it takes away the real sense of choice. Due to these reasons I feel ads is harmful. So, Take a stand and don’t let advertising harm your life.

Notes on Art History

Note: This statue of an Ancient Egyptian woman clearly shows the way of dressing in Ancient Egypt. This statue belongs to the New Kingdome period. Body: The woman is wearing a kalasiris, a typical ancient Egyptian dress. The length of the dress tells us that this woman probably belonged to the upper class, as working woman mostly wore a kalasiris in a shorter variant. The dress is made of linen, which was perfect for Egypt’s hot climate. The dress is undecorated, but does have a lot of pleats going in various directions, which must have been very labour intensive.Head: The woman is wearing a wig, made of human hair or date palm fibres. The hair is curled and was kept together by wax. The wigs were only worn by wealthy people. Accessories: Jewellery was very popular in Ancient Egypt, no matter what you social status was. They were known for wearing lots of jewellery in turquoise metals like gold and silver and small beads. This woman is wearing a gorgerine, which was a typical Egyptian necklace, existing of metal discs, worn on the chest. Minoan Snake Goddess figurine, 1600 BC, Herraklion Archaeological MuseumNote: This is one of a series of figurines, showing a woman holding a snake in each hand. It was found during excavation of Minoan archaeological sites in Crete. It represents a goddess. Little is known about their identity, but it tells us a lot of the way the Minoan women dressed themselves. Body: The goddess is wearing a tight bodice, which leaves the breasts bare. She also wears a long skirt which is comprised of seven overlapping flounces, which are strips of cloth, gathered and sewed on by its upper edge only. The flounces appear to be thick and were probably made of wool, a popular fabric used by the Minoan.Over the hips, she wears a double-apron, which is bordered with stripes and patterned with a simple diagonal grid of lines The skirt and apron are secured by a belt , which emphasizes the figure’s wasp-waist and accentuates the curve of the hips. Head: The headpiece , the goddess is wearing shows a series of three dark-painted, raised medallions. Accessories: The goddess is wearing a tiny bracelet on her right wrist. The Minoan were famous for their beautiful jewellery production. Note: This female Minoan figure is dressed in traditional Minoan clothing.The Minoans were known to have a more advance and complexed culture, which is shown in the artistically designed and skilfully made clothing they wore. The figure of the Minoan woman, with large breasts and hips and a tiny waist, as very similar to that of the late 1800 woman, who wore tight corsets to make their waist small and hoops under their skirts to increase the size of their bottom. Body: The woman is wearing a colourful blouse and skirt that shape the body well. The skirt is tight at the waist and flares out towards the bottom in a bell shape. The skirt consists of several strips of fabric, sewn together.The layers of fabric have a pointed shape in the centre, facing towards the floor. The blouse is close fitted to the body and has a low cut in the front to expose the breasts. Head: The woman has long dark hair, which hangs loose on her shoulders. Accessories: She wears ring shaped earrings and a belt, which was very common in the Minoan culture. Because a tiny waist was prized, some historians believe that Minoans would wear a heavy metal belt since their early childhood, forcing the waist to stop growing. Scene of Sacrifice, c. 540 B. C. Pitsa, National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greese, painting, wood.Note: This painting shows an animal sacrifice in Corinth. It is one of the 4 painted wood slabs of Pitsa that were found in 1934 near Sicyon in a cave above the village of Pitsa in Corinth. Body: The woman are wearing a blue peplos that is decorated with a pattern. It is a rectangular woollen fabric that is folded at the top, so that the top part falls over the body. The peplos is fastened at the shoulders with pins. Over the peplos, the woman are wearing a red cape, a chlaina. It is made up of a rectangular piece of fabric which is draped around the body.The young men in the painting are wearing a blue, short chiton which reaches their knees and is fastened at their left shouder with pins. Head: The woman have their long hair tied back in a ponytail, while the men have short cut hair. Accesoires: The figures are all wearing a wreath, a headpiece made of goldon leaves. Briseis and Phoenix Painting on a cup, Brygos, ca 490 B. C. , Vulci, Louvre Museum, Paris, France Note: This attic red-figure cup shows Phoenix and Briseis. It is an ancient Greek art work from the Classical period. Body: The woman is wearing a long chiton with many folds and pleats.The chiton is made of linen, a light fabric, suitable to the cimate and which makes it easier to form pleats with. The tunic is wrapped around her body and pinned along at the shoulders and arms, forming two loose fitted sleeves. The man is wearing a chiton as well, which reaches his feet. On top of the chiton he wears a himation, large piece of fabric, draped arount the body and used as a mantel. Both chitons are decorated with a playfull motif at the bottom. Head: The woman has her hair tight back into a bun, with some strings of hair falling loosy besides her face.The man has a long beard and his hair cut short. You can clearly see that he is old, due to his undyed white hair colour. Accesoires: Both man and woman wear a hairband. Statue of august, national museum of rome, 100 AC Note: This Ancient Roman statue shows Augustus. A Roman emperor who ruled the Roman Empire from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD. In that era, all men wore the same type of cloth, but the fabric and way it was worn, marked important social differences. Agustus, being an emperor is therefore a clear example of how people of higher social status would wear their clothes.Body: Augustus is wearing a tunica, an essential garment in the warderobe of the ancient Roman man. It consists of two pieces of rectangular fabric, one set on top of the other. It was sewn together at the sides and the top wit holes left for the head and arms. This tunica has long and wide sleeves. On top of the tunica, Augustus wears a toga. A long cloak which is draped around the body. Head: Augustus has short cut hair and his toga is draped around his head to form a hood. Court of Emperor Justinian with Macimian and court officialsand Praetorian Guards, Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy, 547 AC, MosaikNote: A clear example of clothing from the Byzantium era. Body: Justinian, in the centre, is wearing an imperial chlamys with a large lozenge shaped goldon panel (tablion) and an opulent brooch. Underneath that he wears a white silk tunic with tight sleeves (Divistion), which is decorated with god stripes and circular roundles and gold embroidered rd shoes. The Dignitaries wear a white chlamys with a purple tablion an an embroidered tunic. The archbishop Maximianus we ars a goldon chasuble and a white dalmatic with very wide sleeves and purple stripes.Head: The figures have slightly long hair at the back. Maximianus is somewhat bold and has a little beard and mustache, just like some other men portrayed. Accesoires: Justinian wears a two-tired gemstone encrusted crown on his head and an opulent brooch that is fastened at his rght shoulder. Maximianus wears a pallium around his neck, a white wool strip which is decorated with a cross. The bikini girls, mosaic, 4th century AD, Roman Villa of Casale, Italy. Note: This piece of art, dating from the Diocletian period (186-305 AD) is evidence that the Romans were one of the first to wear a bikini.Although the woman depicted are wearing a bikini as sportswear and not as swimwear. Body: The female atheltes are wearing a two-piece swimsuit that resembles the bikini as we know it today. The top part covers the breasts and has no elastic bands tied around the arms, but is probably kept in place at the back. The bottom part, looks like it is a piece of fabric that is folded around the womans lower body. Head: The woman have different hairstyles. Most of them have their hair tied back, which is more comfortable when playing sports.Others have long hair that falls on their shoulders. Accessories: One of the woman in the centre is wearing a headpiece made of flowers, she is probably wearing it because she won the competition. The consular diptych of Manlius Boetius, who was consul in 487 AD, Santa Giulia Museum, Brescia, Italy. Note: This artwork resembles the type of clothing worn by the Barberians and Nomads. Their clothing style was more practical than that of the Romans and consisted of loose and simple garments. Body: Boetius wears an embroidered woollen toga which reaches the ankles.The toga has long sleeves, is draped around the body and wrapped around the right hip. Head/ Accesoires. : It looks like Boetius is wearing a diadem of goldon leaves on his head. This is a picture of Cha rlemagne is an example of how the fine linen and silk togas of the Romans disappeared and were replaced by the clothing of the less civilized people, the Romans had called Barbarians and Goths. Charlemagne always wore the traditional costume of the Frankish people. Body: He is wearing a blue silk cloak which is trimmed with bands of decoration. His legs are covered by a hose and he wears shoes at his feet.On top of his cloak he wears a red/brownish mantel that is loosly draped around his shoulders and fastened with a brooche at his right shoulder. The mantel is deorated at the neckline. Head/ Accesoires: On his head he wears a golden crown, embellished ith jewels. This template from the Middle-Ages shows what the knights would wear. The knits are wering under clthes that consists of a linen under-shirt and linen under pants. These would prevent the armor from chafing the Knights skin. They woul also wear a padded garment, known as a Doublet, that consisted of a quilted coat which wa s either sewn or stuffed with linen .It served as padding for additional armour worn over the top. Woollen stockings cover their legs and over their armour they wear a robe which is fastenedaround the waist, known as a Surcoat. The surcoat is emblazoned with the cote of arms or device of the Knight in order to identify the knight in the battle. On their head they were a helmetwhich is slightly pointed at the back. Nicephorus III and Officers, c. 1074-1081, Bibliotheque nationale de France Manuscript Coislin. This painting of the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus iII, is a good example of Byzantine Imperial costume. The emperor is magnificently attired in Byzantine silk.Over his blue and goldon tunic he wears a darker bue cloak, fastened by a gold-and-ruby brooch and decorated with a large tablion, woven of gold thread. On his head he wears a bejewelled crown and around his neck a superhumeral, which is a imperial decorative collar. The Arnolfini Portrait, Jan van Eyck, 1434, Oil on oak, National Gallery, London. This painting is believed to be a portrait of the Italian merchant Giovanni di Nicolao Arnofili and his wife. It is a very realistic painting and therefore a good example of Late Medieval costume. The two figures are richly dressed.The man’s tabard, a short sleeveless cape, and woman’s dress are both lined with fur, judging from this we can say that they are both wearing their outerwear. The woman’s dress has elaborate dagging (cloth folded and sewn together, then cut and frayed decoratively) on the sleeves and a long train. Underneath her green dress, she wears a blue underdress which is trimmed with white fur and has long tight sleeves. The man’s tabard is made from purple silk and has long full sleeves which are tight at the wrists. Head: The man wears a hat of plaited straw, dyed black, as often worn in the summer all the time.The woman wears a white cotton wimple on her head. Accesoires: The woman wears a brown leather belt around her waist. The only other jewelry visible are the woman’s plain gold necklace and rings. Rogier van der Weyden, Portrait of a Lady, c. 1460, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C. Van der Weyden portrayed this woman in high fashionable clothing. The woman wears an elegant low-cut black dress with dark bands of fur at the neck and wrists. This type of clothing resembles the then-fashionable Burgundian style, which emphasises on the tall and thin aesthetic of the Gothic ideal.The dress is buckled with a bright red sash below her breasts. The buckle is gold. Head: On her head she wears a buff-coloured hennin headdress that is draped with a large transparent veil, which spills over her shoulders, reaching her upper arms. The veil forms a diamond shape and matches the transparent vest worn under her dress. Her hair is pulled backwards in a tight knot. Accessories: The woman wears a gold necklace and 2 rings around her fingers. Sant’Orsola e le compagne, miniatura , 1380 , Parigi, Biblioteca Nazionale Body: The women are wearing dresses with a low round neckline.The top of the dresses fit closely to the body while the skirt hangs loose and has several pleats. The sleeves are long and wide at the cuffs. The underdress is of a different colour and visible at the wrists and its sleeves fit tightly around the arms. Some dresses have a simple print. Head: The woman wear a hat that consists of a frame of wirework, covered with embroidery or other trimmings. Titian, Portrait of Philip II of Spain (1527-1598), 16th century, oil on canvas. Body: Philip II is wearing a silk doublet in a gold/brown colour with a decorative print.The pants, breeches, he is wearing, falls just above the knees and is of the same fabric as the doublet. Under the breeches he wears a white hose. Philip also wears a mandilion on top of his outfit, a loose hip-length coat that is decorated with a pattern. Head: Phillip has his hair cut very short and a tiny beard and pointed mo ustache. Accessories: Accessories were very important in the 16th century as they represented wealth. Phillip wears several bracelets and rings and a necklace. Shoes: Philip wears simple white silk flat shoes. Marcus Gheerraerts the Younger, Portrait of Elisabeth I, c. 592, National Portrait Gallery, London. Body: Elisabeth I wears a crimson gown that is barley visible on either side of her waist. The gown has a white satin lining that matches the petticoat, bodice and hanging sleeves. Her petticoat is pinned to a cartwheel farthingale. The bodice has a broad, low, square neckline and ends in a V-shape at the front of the waist. The shoulders are very wide and puffed. Head/ Accessories: Elisabeth I wears gloves and a van in her hands. Her jewellery consists of several necklaces of pearls reaching the waist, a flower shaped necklace and some beads in her hair.She also has a high standing ruff around her neck of a transparent fabric and a crown on the back of her head. Giovanni Battis ta Moroni, An Italian Tailor, c. 1570, National Gallery London. Body: The Italian Tailor wears a light pink, tight fitted doublet over a heavily padded red hose. The doublet is fastened by a row of pearl buttons at the centre front. His white blouse, worn underneath the doublet, has some small ruffles at the cuffs and the neckline. Head: His hair is cut short and he has a small beard and moustache. Accessories: The man only wears a brown leather belt around his waist.Manteau, ca. 1685-90, Contemporary fashion plate by Bonnard Body: The woman wears a mantua. Instead of a bodice and skirt cut separately, the mantua hung from the shoulders to the floor. This mantua is looped and draped over a contrasting petticoat. The dress has a low squared neckline and short puffed sleeves that reach just below the elbows. The petticoat is fastened at the centre front with decorative buckles. Both petticoat and mantua are embellished with a print. Head: The woman’s curly hair is worn swept up into a high pile. She also wears a scarf in her hair.Accessories: She has some bracelets around her left wrist and wears a cross formed necklace. Portrait, c. 1660, France Body: The man wears a large simple dark coat that is embroidered on the left shoulder. Underneath this he wears a long-sleeved ruffled white shirt, which can only be seen at the wrists. A small falling collar with round edges, made of lace, hangs around his neck. Head: The man doesn’t wear a wig and shoes his natural long dark fuzzy hair. He has little facial hair around his lips. Fashion plate, Jean de St Jean, 1688, France Body:

The Life of Benito Juarez essays

The Life of Benito Juarez essays For the pass couple of weeks I had read about a president of Mexico. His named is Benito Pablo Juarez Garcia. He was born in the village of San Pablo Guelatao, Oaxaca. Both his parents die before he turn four. He worked in the corn field and as shepherd until the age of 12 then on December 17, 1818, he walk to the city of Oaxaca with a wish to educate himself and find a better life. At the time he was illiterate and could not speak Spanish, only Zapotec. In the city he took a job as a domestic servant, and eagerly made up for his previous lack of education. He work in a church and meet a lay Franciscan named Antonio Salanueva was impressed with young Benitos intelligence an thirst for learning, and helped arrange for him to be accepted at the city seminary. Salanueva, who was to employ Benito as a servant from 1819 to 1821, was a devout Catholic whose liberal views on politics and education profoundly influence the young man. He knows that if he work in a church, there a chance that he could learn read and write. At the time the Roman Catholic church controlled most of the country s school, owned huge amounts of property, and had an income estimated to be five times greater than the governments. Benito was accepted to the Holy Cross Seminary. It was the largest and best school in the area. As a Church they did not discriminate between rich and poor, everyone was equal there and all were taken seriously. The world in which Benito grew to manhood was changing at a rapid pace. After 11 bloody years of the Mexico war for Independence against its Spanish rulers drew to a close. At the age of 15-year old seminarian Benito was almost untouched by the political storms raging in Mexico. He was still too busy establishing his own independence and equality to be much troubled by the nation difficulties. Later he studied there but decided to pursue the law rather than the priesthood. He work hard as a student and stu...

Ante Pavelic, Croatian War Criminal

Ante Pavelic, Croatian War Criminal Of all the Nazi-era war criminals who escaped to Argentina after World War Two, it is possible to argue that Ante Pavelić (1889-1959), the â€Å"Poglavnik,† or â€Å"chief† of wartime Croatia, was the vilest. Pavelic was the head of the Ustase party which ruled Croatia as a puppet of the Nazi regime in Germany, and their actions, which resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Serbs, Jews and Gypsies, sickened even those Nazi advisors stationed there. After the war, Pavelic fled to Argentina, where he lived openly and unrepentant for several years. He died in Spain in 1959 of wounds suffered in an assassination attempt. Pavelic Before the War Ante Pavelić was born on July 14, 1889 in the town of Bradina in Herzegovina, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the time. As a young man, he trained as a lawyer and was very active politically. He was one of many Croatians who chafed at his people becoming part of the Kingdom of Serbia and subject to a Serbian king. In 1921 he entered politics, becoming an official in Zagreb. He continued to lobby for Croatian independence and by the late 1920’s he had established the Ustase Party, which openly supported fascism and an independent Croatian state. In 1934, Pavelić was part of a conspiracy which resulted in the assassination of King Alexander of Yugoslavia. Pavelić was arrested but released in 1936. Pavelić and the Croatian Republic Yugoslavia was suffering from great internal turmoil, and in 1941 the Axis powers invaded and conquered the troubled nation. One of the first actions of the Axis was to set up a Croatian State, the capital of which was Zagreb. Ante Pavelić was named Poglavnik, a word which means â€Å"leader† and is not unlike the term fà ¼hrer adopted by Adolf Hitler. The Independent State of Croatia, as it was called, was actually a puppet state of Nazi Germany. Pavelić established a regime led by the vicious Ustase party which would be responsible for some of the most horrible crimes committed during the war. During the war, Pavelić met with many European leaders including Adolf Hitler and Pope Pius XII, who personally blessed him.    Ustase War Crimes The repressive regime quickly began acting against the Jews, Serbs and Roma (gypsies) of the new nation. The Ustase eliminated their legal rights of their victims, stole their property and finally murdered them or sent them to death camps. The Jasenovac death camp was established and anywhere from 350,000 to 800,000 Serbs, Jews and Roma were murdered there during the war years. The Ustase slaughter of these helpless people made even hardened German Nazis flinch. Ustase leaders called on Croatian citizens to murder their Serbian neighbors with pickaxes and hoes if need be. The slaughter of thousands was done in broad daylight, with no attempt made to cover it up. Gold, jewels and treasure from these victims went directly into Swiss bank accounts or into the pockets and treasure chests of the Ustase.   Pavelić Flees In May of 1945, Ante Pavelić realized the Axis cause was a lost one and decided to run. He reportedly had about $80 million in treasure with him, looted from his victims. He was joined by some soldiers and some of his high-ranking Ustase cronies. He decided to try and make for Italy, where he hoped the Catholic Church would shelter him. Along the way, he passed through zones controlled by the British and it is assumed he bribed some British officers to let him through. He also stayed in the American zone for a while before making his way to Italy in 1946. It is believed that he traded intelligence and money to the Americans and British for safety: they may have also left him alone as partisans were fighting the new communist regime in Yugoslavia in his name. Arrival in South America Pavelić found shelter with the Catholic Church, as he had hoped. The church had been very friendly with the Croatian regime, and also helped hundreds of war criminals escape after the war. Eventually Pavelić decided that Europe was just too dangerous and headed to Argentina, arriving in Buenos Aires in November of 1948. He still had millions of dollars’ worth of gold and other treasures stolen from the victims of his murderous regime. He traveled under an alias (and a new beard and mustache) and was warmly welcomed by the administration of President Juan Domingo Peron. He wasn’t alone: at least 10,000 Croatians – many of them war criminals – went to Argentina after the war. Pavelić in Argentina Pavelić set up shop in Argentina, attempting to overthrow the regime of new President Josip Broz Tito from half a world away. He set up a government in exile, with himself as president and his former undersecretary of the Interior, Dr. Vjekoslav Vrancic, as vice-President. Vrancic had been in charge of the repressive, murderous police forces in the Croatian Republic. Assassination Attempt and Death In 1957, a would-be assassin fired six shots at Pavelić on the street in Buenos Aires, hitting him twice. Pavelić was rushed to a doctor and survived. Although the assailant was never caught, Pavelić always believed him to be an agent of the Yugoslav communist regime. Because Argentina was becoming too dangerous for him – his protector, Peron, had been ousted in 1955 – Pavelić went to Spain, where he continued trying to subvert the Yugoslav government. The wounds he suffered in the shooting were serious, however, and he never fully recovered from them. He died on December 28, 1959. Of all of the Nazi war criminals and collaborators who escaped justice after World War Two, Pavelić is quite arguably the worst. Josef Mengele tortured inmates at the Auschwitz death camp, but he tortured them one at a time. Adolf Eichmann and Franz Stangl were responsible for organizing systems which killed millions, but they were operating within the framework of Germany and the Nazi party and could claim to have only been following orders. Pavelić, on the other hand, was the commander-in-chief of a sovereign nation, and under his personal direction, that nation coldly, brutally and systematically went about the business of slaughtering hundreds of thousands of its own citizens. As war criminals go, Pavelić was up there with Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini. Unfortunately for his victims, Pavelić’s knowledge and money kept him safe after the war, when Allied forces should have captured him and turned him over to Yugoslavia (where his death sentence would have come swiftly and surely). The aid given to this man by the Catholic Church and the nations of Argentina and Spain are also great stains on their respective human rights records. In his later years, he was increasingly considered a bloodstained dinosaur and if he had lived long enough, he may have eventually been extradited and put on trial for his crimes. It would be of little comfort to his victims to know that he died in great pain from his wounds, increasingly bitter and frustrated at his continuing irrelevance and inability to re-establish a new Croatian regime.    Sources: Ante Pavelic. Moreorless.net. Goà ±i, Uki. The Real Odessa: Smuggling the Nazis to Peron’s Argentina. London: Granta, 2002.

Tootsie Roll Industries Inc. Loan Package Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tootsie Roll Industries Inc. Loan Package - Essay Example Tootsie Roll Industries has a great pool of working capitol. In many cases companies can borrow money cheaper than spending their working capitol. As an example if the 10% increase in liabilities for Tootsie Rolls Industries costs them less in interest than the money will generate in revenue, then the investment is well worth the increase. On the other hand, if the increase in revenue generated is projected to be less than the 10% increase in liabilities than Tootsie Roll Industries would be better served looking for other funding sources. The following proposal justifies the loan for expansion inside our Tootsie Roll Industries and increase total liabilities by 10%. We are expanding our current Tootsie Roll candies by creating a â€Å"mini† Tootsie Roll with a dark chocolate center. Product studies show that this new product is very popular among test sites. By re-directing a portion of our high volume sales to major distributors whose sales have remained on par or below average per quarter since 2010, we can increase total revenue and re-branding of our Tootsie Roll products. The candy industry market is saturated and very competitive. Large end competitors produce high volume candies and distribute to wholesale distributors for average profit. Our goal is to target the customers who also purchase the wildly popular Tootsie Roll product by adding a new dimension and re-energizing our existing customer base and introducing new customers with this product line. The loan provides the additional revenue required to produce the new product at low costs and distributed to targeted distributors for sale. By creating a new product and re-energizing our existing customer base, we will grow our brand while delivering high quality candies. The change in strategy increases revenue, generates more tax dollars, and expands the Tootsie Roll brand into the next century. As noted the loan will be implemented for

Governments at all levels are increasingly becoming involved in Essay

Governments at all levels are increasingly becoming involved in festivals and events - Essay Example This paper analyses the reasoning and salient pros and cons associated with the involvement of governments in encouraging events. Government is a set of institutions which Edward Sildow and Beth Henschen (2008, p.4) defined as â€Å"the individuals and institutions that make society’s rules and that also possess the power and authority to enforce those rules." Thus, it can be established that government possesses the ultimate power to influence public, and to impose such rules that are in the best interest of society. Today, governments are increasingly becoming interested in promoting events because these act as a catalyst that has an enormous â€Å"social, economic and cultural impact† (Smith, 2003). This explains that governments are now trying to garner international attraction through hosting local and mega events and basically eyeing on the aspect of economic and monetary profits. For instance, the UK government realised the impact of facilitating events on the c ountry’s economy and has supported the private sector on the reconstruction of new and bigger venues since 70s. The outcome has been in the form of some international standard sites such as the National Exhibition Centre (Birmingham) and Wembley Centre (Bowdin et al, 2012). This was also the main reason behind Prime Minister Tony Blair's strong support to the organisation responsible for holding Olympics 2012, â€Å"London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games," (LOCOG), during the bidding ceremony in 2005. Through ramping up the investments from private sector, governments seek long-term benefits for the whole country and in a variety of spheres. However, it must be acknowledged that it is not the government only that enjoys the benefits involved, but the private sector has another set of interests that is sought through events. The diversity in festivals such as Hallmark and mega-events is an outcome of the government’s involvement. Today, e vents are of various categories with varying prospects. These include business events like meetings, incentives, conventions, and exhibitions, in short MICE. Regional events are cultural or sports related and are organised every year. Every calendar event is a nation’s local festival such as Football or Rugby League matches, or religious/traditional celebrations such as Holi or Diwali in India. Hallmark events represent the customary festivals of a nation and mark an important historical event or anniversary. For instance, the event celebrated in South Africa of â€Å"10 Years of Democracy† in 2004 (Damster & Tassiopoulos, 2006). Mega-events such as Olympics, FIFA world cup or ICC Cricket World Cup; Tennis tournaments like Wimbledon and Common Wealth games, are not annual events and are held in a different part of the world by a particular organisation. Every government has its own specific motive behind pursuing and promoting events, and it can be entitled as an intel ligent strategy. For example, the motive of China's government has been different in comparison to UK because their main focus was on improving economic conditions through promoting travelling and locally prepared Chinese products. Chinese government did not just focus on mega events, but created newer holidays and altered the scale of traditional ones for achieving their goal. The transformation of three

FEEDBACK ON AUTOBIOGRAPHY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

FEEDBACK ON AUTOBIOGRAPHY - Essay Example In the theoretical discourse, you bring forward the positive aspects of your chosen leader and put light on her lifelong struggle and sacrifice to bring forward a strong personality. Thus, with your autobiography, it is clearly observable that Christine Caine produces a strong sense of motivation for you. Due to this reason, you formulate different points to bring into light the parallels between you and your chosen personality. You also show all the qualities that you admire. The clarity of expression and well developed approach are reflections of your passion about your chosen leader. It seems that the framework you have developed based on your vision and criteria will further transform your thoughts in the days to come. The life events have played a great role in the development of your autobiography. You have paid great attention to the theory and integrated theory as well as events in the best possible manner in your autobiography. For example when you tell that, â€Å"Leaders know who they are, where they came from, where they are going, and are not afraid of stand for their values, convictions and what is right instead of conforming to what others say.† Of course, this can be seen throughout your autobiography especially at times when you were in Paris and London. As you mentioned that the people over there asked you to realize the fact that you could do so many things. This was the time when you dare to rise against your insecurities. So, your descriptive, focused and analytical approach can be seen throughout your autobiography which is a plus point of the writing. You paid great attention to the contribution of the life events in directing you towards a purposeful life. For example, t he standing of your mother as a role model offers you new spirit in facing the odds of life. In a nutshell, it can be well said that the autobiography is well developed and the events are well integrated throughout the writing. The description

Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence Artificial Intelligence: Artificial Intelligence began in the 1960s, the first attempts were game playing (checkers), theory proving a few simple theories and general problem solving. General problem solving was much more difficult than originally anticipated. Researchers were unable to tackle problems routinely handled by human experts. Artificial Intelligence can be defined in many ways as it depends from which point of view you look at it from. From the intelligence point of view artificial intelligence is to make machines intelligent thus making them act as we people would act. However artificial intelligence from a research perspective is how to make machines do things people are currently doing better in other words making machines do what we humans can do. Now from a business point of view artificial intelligence is a combination of powerful tools, and methods for using those tools to solve business problems. As for the programming point of view artificial intelligence is the study of symbolic programming, search and problem solving. Expert Systems: Expert systems are defined on bases functional and structural. Expert systems from a functional perspective are defined based on what the system does rather than how it does it. A computer program that behaves like a human expert in some useful ways. (Winston Prendergast, 1984) Nevertheless we can define expert systems on the bases of their structure in many ways depending on which angle we look at it from Problem area â€Å"Solve problems efficiently and effectively in a narrow problem area. (Waterman, 1986) typically, pertains to problems that can be symbolically represented (Liebowitz, 1988) Problem difficulty apply expert knowledge to difficult real world problems (Waterman, 1986) solve problems that are difficult enough to require significant human expertise for their solution (Edward Feigenbaum in Harmon King, 1985) â€Å"Address problems normally thought to require human specialists for their solution (Michaelsen et al, 1985). Performance requirement the ability to perform at the level of an expert (Liebowitz, 1988) â€Å"Programs that mimic the advice-giving capabilities of human experts. (Brule, 1986, p.6) â€Å"Matches a competent level of human expertise in a particular field. (Bishop, 1986, p.38) â€Å"Can offer intelligent advice or make an intelligent decision about a processing function. (British Computer Societys Specialist Group in Forsyth, 1984, pp.9-10) â€Å"Allows a user to access this expertise in a way similar to that in which he might consult a human expert, with a similar result. (Edwards and Connell, 1989, p.3) Explain reasoning â€Å"The capability of the system, on demand, to justify its own line of reasoning in a manner directly intelligible to the enquirer. (British Computer Societys Specialist Group in Forsyth, 1984, p.9-10) incorporation of explanation processes (Liebowitz, 1988) Expert Systems from a structural perspective are defined on the bases of how the system functions. â€Å"Using the programming techniques of artificial intelligence, especially those techniques developed for problem solving (Dictionary of Computing, 1986) However we can define expert systems on the bases of their structure in many ways depending on which angle we look at it from Use AI techniques using the programming techniques of artificial intelligence, especially those techniques developed for problem solving (Dictionary of Computing, 1986) Knowledge component the embodiment within a computer of a knowledge-based component, from an expert skill (British Computer Societys Specialist Group in Forsyth, 1984) a computer based system in which representations of expertise are stored (Edwards and Connell, 1989) The knowledge of an expert system consists of facts and heuristics. The facts constitute a body of information that is widely shared, publicly available, and generally agreed upon by experts in the field. (Edward Feigenbaum in Harmon King, 1985) Expert systems are sophisticated computer programs that manipulate knowledge to solve problems (Waterman, 1986) Separate knowledge and control â€Å"Make domain knowledge explicit and separate from the rest of the system (Waterman, 1986). Use inference procedures an intelligent computer program that uses knowledge and inference procedures (Edward Feigenbaum in Harmon King, 1985) The style adopted to attain these characteristics is a rule-based programming style. (British Computer Societys Specialist Group in Forsyth, 1984) Exhibit intelligent behavior by skillful application of heuristics. (Waterman, 1986). The heuristics are mostly private, little rules of good judgment (rules of plausible reasoning, rules of good guessing) that characterize expert-level decision making in the field. (Edward Feigenbaum in Harmon King, 1985) incorporation of ways of handling uncertainty(Liebowitz, 1988) Model human expert â€Å"Can be thought of as a model of the expertise of the best practitioners of the field. (Edward Feigenbaum in Harmon King, 1985) representation of domain-specific knowledge in the manner in which the expert thinks (Liebowitz, 1988) â€Å"Involving the use of appropriate information acquired previously from human experts. (Dictionary of Computing, 1986) Components of an Expert System An expert system consists of 4 main components which are listed below: Knowledge base a representation of the expertise and is usually inputted in IF THEN rules, and are usually put into a database for easy access by the system. Working storage Data which is specific to a problem being solved by the expert system. Inference engine the code at the core of the system which derives recommendations from the knowledge base and problem-specific data in working storage. User interface the code that controls the dialog between the user and the system. People and they consist of: Domain experts the individual or individuals who currently are experts in solving the problems the system is intended to solve. Knowledge engineers the individuals who encode the experts knowledge in a declarative form that can be used by the expert system. Users the individuals who will be consulting with the system to get advice which would have been provided by the expert. Furthermore there are some other optional components that might be added to the system as sub systems and which try to make the expert system more efficient thus making it more powerful and they are. Explanation sub system is used to explain the logic or reason of recommending a solution. Justifier is another name of explanation sub system. Justifier also explains why a solution is recommended or not recommended. Knowledge refining sub system is used to refine the knowledge in the knowledgebase after working every time over a problem. It works exactly like human beings who analyze their actions and learn from their mistakes to perform better in the future. Programming Languages Used to Develop Expert Systems Here are some of the programming languages used to develop expert systems. 1. LISP, developed in the 1950s, is the early programming language strongly associated with AI. LISP is a functional programming language with procedural extensions. LISP (LISt Processor) was specifically designed for processing heterogeneous lists which is a list of symbols. Features of LISP that made it attractive to AI researchers included Run- time type checking. Higher order functions (functions that have other functions as parameters). Automatic memory management (garbage collection) and an interactive environment. 2. The second language strongly associated with AI is PROLOG. PROLOG was developed in the 1970s. PROLOG is based on first order logic. PROLOG is declarative in nature and has facilities for explicitly limiting the search space. 3. Object-oriented languages are a class of languages more recently used for AI programming. Important features of object-oriented languages include: concepts of objects and messages objects bundle data and methods for manipulating the data sender specifies what is to be done receiver decides how to do it inheritance (object hierarchy where objects inherit the attributes of the more general class of objects) Examples of object-oriented languages are Smalltalk, Objective C, C++. Object oriented extensions to LISP (CLOS Common LISP Object System) and PROLOG (LO Logic Objects) are also used. The Difference between these programming languages and procedural programming languages. According to an article in the Information and Software Technology journal by Alexander Chatzigeorgiou of the Department of Applied Informatics, at the University of Macedonia, the object-oriented approach is known to introduce a significant performance penalty compared to classical procedural programming. For instance, profiling results for embedded applications indicate that C++ programs, apart from being slower than their corresponding C versions, consume significantly more energy (mainly due to the increased instruction count, larger code size and increased number of accesses to the data memory for the object-oriented versions). Example of an Expert System One of the most recognized expert systems used today by the general public is the online doctor due to the fact that many people use it daily. In brief this expert system is used to diagnose people by asking them what the problem is and then suggesting the actions that they should take which sounds very similar to an expert system where the illness is the problem the recommended actions are the solutions. In this example the website that was studied is www.yourdiagnosis.com In this expert system there are main components of the expert system and they are: The people The people are separated into three categories and they are: The domain experts who are actually the doctors who provide the data for the system. The knowledge engineers are the engineers who enter this system in a rule based input for example giving multiple choice questions to diagnose a cold. Do you feel cold.[ ] Do you feel hot? [ ]. Do you feel normal? [ ] System engineer who is the person in charge assembling and managing the system. The user who is the person asking for the diagnoses. The user interface The user interface is the website used by the user to find the diagnoses. Example: The inherence engine The inherence engine which in this case is made by the engineer using a web based programming language like ASP or PHP in the website from the last example we see that the programming language used is ASP and we can see that from the address bar. http://www.yourdiagnosis.com/yourdiagnosis/Yourdiagnosis.ASP?WCI=WorldMapHTMWCE=ClickWCU The knowledge base The knowledge base in this case is where all the rules that the knowledge engineer inputted them in this case the engineer used Microsoft SQL SERVER 2008. The knowledge in this case is the medical knowledge given by the doctors. The working storage The working storage in this case is a storage area on the server where each users data is stored in a relational database The benefits of using artificial intelligence The main benefits of using artificial intelligence are: Provide answers for decisions, processes and tasks that are repetitive Hold huge amounts of information Minimize employee training costs Centralize the decision making process Make things more efficient by reducing the time needed to solve problems Combine various human expertises. Reduce the number of errors caused by humans. Provide strategic and comparative advantages that may create problems for competitors Look over transactions that human experts may not think of Even though the benefits of artificial intelligence is more than the above we find that the main advantage to using artificial intelligence is to maximize the efficiency of a business thus giving the business the edge it needs to over throw its competitors. Why Artificial intelligence is hard to include in information systems The difficulties in including artificial intelligence in information systems are due to many facts one of which is the expense. Furthermore there are multiple factors why its so difficult to include artificial intelligence in information systems from which is the human acceptance to Artificial intelligence especially in the older groups another factor is that domain experts will be threatened by the fact that they are giving their expertise to a company and the fear of being redundant. From the technical point of view the implementation of artificial intelligence is quite hard due to the if rule conversion of the expertise. And the integration with old systems will require an effort especially for established companies with legacy hardware and software. Which brings us to the expense part of the problem? There is no doubt that artificial intelligence is an expensive approach as it is time consuming as it requires a lot of time and human resources. Furthermore developing artificial intelligence relies heavily on having the correct expert information and having something wrong in the knowledge base might cause damages which will lead to costly error and problems. Reference Anonymous. Dictionary of Computing, 1986, New York: Oxford University Press. Bishop, Peter. Fifth Generation Computers Concepts, Implementations Uses, 1986, Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood Ltd. Brule, James F. Artificial Intelligence: Theory, Logic and Application, 1986, Blue Ridge Summit, PA: TAB Books. Edwards, Alex and Connell, N.A.D. Expert Systems in Accounting, 1989, Herfordshire, UK: Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd. Forsyth, Richard, Expert Systems: Principles and Case Studies, 1984, London: Chapman and Hall Computing. Harmon, Paul and King, David. Expert Systems: Artificial Intelligence in Business. 1985, New York: Wiley. Liebowitz, Jay, Introduction to Expert Systems, 1988, Santa Cruz, CA: Mitchell Publishing, Inc. Michaelsen, Robert H.; Michie, Donald and Boulanger, Albert. The Technology of Expert Systems Byte; April 1985 Rich, Elaine and Knight, Kevin. Artificial Intelligence Second Edition. 1991, New York: McGraw-Hill. Waterman, Donald A. A Guide to Expert Systems, 1986, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Winston, Patrick H. and Prendergast, Karen A. (Editors). The AI Business: Commercial Use of Artificial Intelligence, 1984, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Ruth A. Palmquist, Asst. Professor, AI and Expert Systems, 1996, http://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~palmquis/courses/ai96.htm Dan E. OLeary, University of Southern California, 1994, http://accounting.rutgers.edu/raw/aies/www.bus.orst.edu/faculty/brownc/es_tutor/bus_ai.htm Robert S. Engelmore, May 1993; WTEC Hyper-Librarian, http://www.wtec.org/loyola/kb/c1_s1.htm Carol E. Brown, Oregon State University, Dan E. OLeary, University of Southern California, 1995, http://accounting.rutgers.edu/raw/aies/www.bus.orst.edu/faculty/brownc/es_tutor/es_tutor.htm#1-AI